Radiation

Physical hazards - radiation

   Is a type of energy and release energy (thermal, optical or electrical or atomic) in the form of waves or particles from natural sources or industrial

Radiation risk:

 Can result in any of ionizing radiation (energy input to the cells of the body) to bring about changes in the chemical balance
The cells of the body and some of these changes may lead to the atomic disorder in the liquid for humans (DNA) and thus lead to serious genetic mutations may also be passed to the children after birth. and exposure to large amounts of radiation may lead to the occurrence of disease within hours or days and may lead to death within 60 days of
exposure in cases of exposure for very large amounts of death can occur within a few hours. and symptoms of radiation injury .
Ionizing may occur over a long period, for example in cancer of the blood within two years.Result the accumulation of radioactive substances the body and most of the information on the impact of radiation on man is obtained from
Studies conducted on the survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Nagasaki and
Hiroshima.

   

  
 Health damage of radiation depends on the level of radiation that are subjected to human, and affects of radiation on cells of the body and increases the likelihood of cancer and other genetic changes that may be passed to the children, and in the event that the human being to a large amount of radiation may lead to death.

The impact of radiation on humans :

§ affect the blood-forming system has been hit by abnormalities or infections or certain types of cancers.
§ skin redness and inflammation and hair loss.
§ Continuous exposure to radiation leads to damage to tissues and muscles.
§ genetic risk, and its impact on birth defects in newborns.
§ sexual infertility.
§ In the case of death the body is exposed to an amount of radiation (500) Rad.

§        
Occupations involving risk of exposure to ionizing radiation
o miners of uranium and Millsh
o - workers in nuclear reactors and nuclear power plants
o - aircrew and astronauts
o - industrial radiography workers (including those who work field operations include welding pipes)
o - some health workers (Alhaaian photographers, nuclear medicine, dealing with medical waste

 Radioactive)
o - workers, production of radioactive nuclides
o - the scientists who use radioactive materials for research purposes
o - workers, luminous paints
o - in serious accidents can be exposed workers in nuclear facilities, and rescue workers and living in the neighborhood of all citizens to excessive radiation exposures

Types of radiation

1 - ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays and cosmic rays and particles Bitaoalva.

2 - non-ionizing radiation, such as electromagnetic radiation, including the waves
Radio, television and radar waves and thermal waves with short wavelengths (microwave)
Waves and infrared and ultraviolet light.

1 - ionizing radiation

There are three main types of ionizing radiation may be found in man-made radiation as well as in radiation
A natural alpha, beta-minutes, and gamma rays
1 - alpha Alpha Particles
Power of penetration of alpha particles is very weak as they lose energy as soon as getting out of the radioactive element. It is possible to cause harm and damage to healthy tissue during the course simple and is absorbed this radiation portion outside of the human skin and therefore are not considered alpha particles with damage outside the body but can cause significant damage if inhaled or ingested (swallowed radioactive material from which he graduated raysalpha).
You can stop the path of alpha rays by a piece of paper or by the human body, but if the inhalation
Vapors of the material of which radiate minutes or ingested alpha and entry to the body due to the presence they are injured by harmful
  Too.
2 - Minutes Beta Beta Particles
Penetration force and effect for a few minutes beta greater than the force of the alpha rays. Beta and some minutes can penetrate the skin and cause
Damage it and it is very dangerous if swallowed or inhaled fumes material that emit beta rays and can be turned off
Emitted from aluminum foil or a simple timber.
You can not stop by beta-minute piece of paper and can be turned off by radiation into force of this piece of

3 - gamma rays Gamma Rays
Of the most dangerous types of radiation and have the force of penetration is very high, much larger than the alpha and beta rays, and can easily penetrate the human body or absorbed by tissue and therefore pose a high radiation on man. Emission can be turned off by concrete or lead
 The effect can be stopped by a barrier of concrete. Located within the X-ray of the divisions of gamma rays, but less ability to penetration of gamma rays.

 4 - X-ray X - Rays
Properties similar to properties of gamma rays, but differ in the source, where X-rays emitted from operations outside the nucleus
While corn emits gamma rays from within the nucleus of the atom and the power of penetration and permeability to X-rays less than gamma rays
The X-ray sources of the most human exposure to radiation where it is used in many processes
Industrial - medical and can turn off the ability to penetration by a slice of millimeters thick lead a few.


2 - non-ionizing radiation:
 Which is characterized by a low frequency and wavelength long, and the eye is more affected by the Members
o UV
o - Infrared
o - electromagnetic waves
o - waves Almikrawih
o - laser
o - the visible light


Radiation sources:

- Natural sources:
- 1 cosmic rays: that arise among the stars in outer space and solar eruptions
- 2-ray ground: emitted from the earth and its surface by the presence of some radioactive materials in rocks Kalbotaseyoum, uranium and radioactive radon gas that seeps from the ground all over the world by the disintegration of some radioactive metals Kallioranjom

- Industry sources:
- 1 X-ray generating devices
- 2 in the field of education and scientific research: nuclear physics laboratories, Pharmacy, Radiation Research, agricultural applications
- 3 medical sources:
A - Applications and radiological diagnostic Tdakhalah
B - radiation therapy
T - a nuclear medicine
- 4 reactors and nuclear explosions
- 5 Accelerators
- 6 radiological practices in the field of industrial and agricultural

. Industrial radiation imaging *
* Sounding wells
* Measures of nuclear
* Measures moisture and density

Units of measurement of radiation
 1 - rad (Rad): a unit measuring the amount of radiant energy absorbed (dose absorption).
2 - Alrontgn (R) Roentgen: The unit of measurement of radiation and is used as a basis for X-ray.
3 - Alcura (Ci) CURIE: is a measure of the radiation and outgoing per Alcura = 3,7 × 1010 disintegration per second.
4 - REM (REM): The unit of measurement of biological effect (bio) of radiation absorbed.
5 - Sifrt (Sv.) SIEVERT: from the latest units of measure the impact of absorption
X = 100 Sifrt Reem One Seivert = 100 REM

 Radiation doses:
o absorbed dose: radiation given per gram of living tissue
o - equivalent dose: absorbed dose weighted by the ability of the different types of radiation to harm
o - the effective dose equivalent: equivalent dose weighted by harming tissue viability
o - the collective effective dose equivalent: the effective dose equivalent for a group of the population from radioactive source
o - the depositor the effective dose equivalent: Dose equivalent mass mobile after a period of time to future generations

Procedures for public safety in the prevention of radiation

Determine the type and amount of radiation in the work environment, and the extent of exposure of workers to it (the atmosphere of periodic disclosure established or where the potential emission of radiation and measure it.)

§Reduce the level of exposure to less extent possible (a point that is dangerous to the body), a reduced exposure time (time spent by the person next to the source of radiation) will thus carrying amounts of radiation to a person.

.§ Increase the distance between the radiation source and the human body, to reduce the impact of the body in the case of access to it. Where that the greater the distance between the person and the source of the radioactive I exposure (according to the inverse square law) must therefore be

§ Wear protective clothing containing a lead that does not resist the penetration of radiation, and the provision of cleaning chemicals, personal protective equipment.

§ Isolate the workplace for places to eat, and to prevent food store near the workplace.
§ Avoid eating foods suspected of contamination with radioactive materials.
 conduct periodic inspection of workers at risk of radiation, to discover the damage, if any, before turning to the stages of the danger.

§ Educate employees and introduce them to the risks posed by radiation, and the importance of prevention
§ Barriers up barriers around the radioactive source will reduce exposure.
 Each type of  radiation is placed barriers appropriate to impeach him by his ability to break.: (Isolation of the production process that emits radiation from the rest of the production processes.)

§ Good ventilation of the sites from which a radioactive vapors.
§ Preventive maintenance of machines and devices that emit radiation.
 radioactive material is transferred between different laboratories within the container allocated to them.